Title: LPIC 102 Q/A / 06 User Interfaces and Desktops

Q: Within which configuration file is the greeter configured for LightDM?
/etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf
/etc/lightdm/greeter.conf
/etc/lightdm.conf
/var/lib/lightdm/lightdm.conf
A: A. The greeter is configured through /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf using the greeter-session option. The other options provided here are not valid.

Q: Which section in /etc/X11/xorg.conf is used to describe configurations for a given graphics card and monitor pair?
Server
Screen
VidMode
Video
A: B. The Screen section of xorg.conf is used to logically bind a given graphics card and monitor, each of which would be defined in its own respective section in the configuration file. The other options shown for this question do not exist.

Q: When you’re setting the frequency options for a given monitor, which of the following is not an available frequency unit?
uHz
MHz
kHz
M
A: A. Frequency options are Hz, k, kHz, M, or MHz, making uHz an unavailable option.

Q: Which command on a systemd-based system is used to disable booting into a GUI?
systemctl gui-boot disable
systemctl set-default boot-gui false
systemctl set-default multi-user.target
systemctl set-default-multi false
A: C. The systemctl set-default command will be used for this purpose, and the target of multi-user is used to boot to the command line. You will also need to remove the word splash from /etc/default/grub and run update-grub as well.

Q: Assuming X forwarding has been enabled on the SSH server, which environment variable is used to set the location for newly spawned windows from within an SSH session?
DISPLAY
XTERMINAL
XTERM
XDISP
A: A. The DISPLAY variable can be used to remotely send the windows of an X session to another computer when using protocols like SSH. There is no XTERMINAL or XDISP environment variable, and XTERM is typically a terminal window and not an environment variable.

Q: Within the greeter section of a display manager such as GNOME Display Manager (GDM), which option sets the welcome message for users logging in locally?
LoginMessage
Login
WinGreet
Welcome
A: D. The Welcome option sets the message to be displayed to users within the display manager when they log in. For remote users, the RemoteWelcome message can be used for the same purpose.

Q: Within GNOME, enabling sticky keys can be done by pressing which key five times in a row?
Ctrl
Enter
Shift
Tab
A: C. The Shift key can be used to enable and disable sticky keys within GNOME and other operating systems for accessibility purposes.

Q: Which option in the Module section of the xorg.conf configuration file causes a default module to be unloaded or not loaded by default?
Disable
Unload
LoadDisable
DisableLoad
A: A. The Disable keyword is used to ensure that a given module is not loaded. Note that a Load statement for the same module takes precedence over the Disable statement, but Disable can be used to unload modules that are loaded by default.

Q: Which program is used in a GNOME environment as a screen reader?
Orca
Screed
Screen
Reader
A: A. The Orca project provides assistive screen reading capabilities within GNOME. Of the other options given, the screen program is valid but is not used for this purpose.

Q: Assuming a monitor that is currently set at 1024×768, which command will change the screen resolution so that icons and other elements appear larger?
xterm -r 0
xset res 1024x768
xrandr -s 800x600
xVGA
A: C. The xrandr command can be used to change resolution, and changing the resolution to something like 800×600 would make icons and other items appear larger.

Q: LightDM typically allows guest login by default. Which configuration option within SeatDefaults changes this to disallow guests?
guest-login=false
guest=false
allowg=false
allow-guest=false
A: D. The allow-guest option changes the behavior of guest login for LightDM, and disallowing guest login would generally make the computer somewhat more secure. However, if someone has physical access to the device, they might be able to get access in other ways.

Q: When using XFree86 as the X server, which command will cause the X server to query for hardware and create a new configuration file?
XFree86 --newconfig
XFree86 --query
XFree96 -configure
xf -config
A: C. The XFree86 -configure command tells the XFree86 server to query for hardware and create a configuration for the recognized hardware. Note that you may still need to edit the resulting configuration file because of unrecognized hardware or to account for specific configuration items.

Q: Which configuration option for X is used to configure the keyboard model?
XkbLayout
XkbModel
XkbType
XkbInput
A: B. The XkbModel configuration option is used to set the type of keyboard being used, such as pc105 for a 105-key keyboard. The XkbLayout option defines the layout of the keyboard such as US for United States–style keyboards.

Q: Which configuration line with a Monitor section of an X server configuration file will set the vertical refresh rate between 55 and 75 hertz?
Vert 55-75
VertRefresh 55.0 - 75.0
VertSync 55.0 - 75.0
RefreshMode 55.0 - 75.0
A: B. The VertRefresh option is used for this purpose and accepts a range of values in the manner shown. The other options given for this question are not valid for the purpose described.

Q: Within which file can a user place commands for executing X clients?
∼/.xclients
∼/.xsess.rc
∼/.xsessrc
∼/.xsession
A: D. The file ~/.xsession can be used for commands that run X clients. The other files are not valid for the purpose described.

Q: Which AccelerationProfile for an input device such as a mouse enables linear acceleration (more speed and more acceleration)?
0
–1
6
7
A: C. The linear acceleration profile is enabled by setting AccelerationProfile to 6 within xorg.conf. The 0 setting is known as classic, whereas -1 provides constant acceleration (no profile) and 7 is known as limited, which performs the same as linear but with a maximum amount of speed and acceleration.

Q: Which of the following directories is used by an Xorg-based server for storage of fonts?
/usr/share/fonts
/usr/X11/fonts
/etc/fonts
/var/font/xorg
A: A. The /usr/share/fonts hierarchy is used for storage of fonts. Another path that might contain font information is /usr/share/X11/fonts, but that was not among the choices given for this question.

Q: Native support for a Braille display requires a minimum of which kernel version?
2.2.0
2.4.22
2.6.26
3.2.1
A: C. Kernel versions beginning with 2.6.26 include native support for Braille displays in Linux.

Q: Which configuration option in an xorg.conf file can be set to prevent a user from changing video modes using the Ctrl+Alt+Keypad-Plus and Ctrl+Alt+Keypad-Minus?
DontZoom
Modes=No
NoModeSwitch
DontZap
A: A. The DontZoom option prevents the specified key combinations from changing the video mode. Of the other options, the DontZap option changes the behavior of the Ctrl+Alt+Backspace key combination. The other options don’t have any effect and are not valid in xorg.conf.

Q: In which location does the xauth utility look for the X authority file?
∼/.Xauth
∼/.xauth.cfg
∼/.Xauthority
∼/.xau
A: C. The xauth program looks for the configuration file in the user’s home directory in the file .Xauthority. The other files do not exist by default.

Q: Access to hosts controlled with XDMCP is configured in which file?
xdmcp.access.conf
XDMCPAccess.cfg
Xaccess
XDaccess.conf
A: C. The Xaccess file is used to control access when using XDMCP. The other files are not valid for this purpose.

Q: When using KDE, which program provides magnification functionality?
xmag
mag
pmag
kmag
A: D. The kmag program magnifies items on a desktop and is used as an assistive technology. In general, kmag can be used with other window managers as well.

Q: Which signal is used by an X server to cause a clean exit?
SIGTERM
SIGKILL
SIGCLEAN
SIGEX
A: A. The SIGTERM signal causes the X server to exit cleanly. SIGKILL would not be a clean exit. The other signals shown as options are not valid signals.

Q: Within GNOME, which section of GNOME Control Center is used to choose a high-contrast theme?
Display
Appearance
Locale
Contrast
A: B. The Appearance section of GNOME Control Center is used to set many aspects of how the desktop appears and behaves, including the choice of a high-contrast theme.

Q: Which of the following best describes the concept of a mouse gesture?
A mouse gesture enables special clicks, such as a right-click context menu.
A mouse gesture facilitates the use of programs by moving the mouse in a certain way.
A mouse gesture is used for login purposes.
A mouse gesture is used to capture screenshots.
A: B. Mouse gestures are commonly associated with assistive technologies and help to facilitate uses of programs by moving the mouse in a certain way. Mouse gestures could be used for login and to capture screenshots, but those are not adequately or generally descriptive of their use.

Q: In GNOME 3.9 or later, which keyboard shortcut activates the screen reader?
Super+R
Super+S
Ctrl+Super+S
Alt+Super+S
A: D. The Alt+Super+S keyboard shortcut activates the screen reader in GNOME 3.9 or later. The Super+S shortcut enters Overview, and the other shortcuts provided do not have a special meaning by default. Note that the Super key is also called the Windows key or the Command key.

Q: Assume that the display manager has been disabled on boot. Which command can be used after login to start the X server?
xs
xstart
X -start
startx
A: D. The startx command kicks off the display manager after login to a local terminal. The other commands shown do not exist or will not work for the purpose described.

Q: Which option in an xorg.conf file configures the amount of time before the screen goes into blank mode but does not go into standby and is available on non-Display Power Management Signaling (DPMS)-capable monitors?
StandbyTime
BlankTime
SuspendTime
OffTime
A: B. The BlankTime option, which is set to 10 minutes by default, causes the monitor to go blank but not actually go into standby or other power-saving modes.

Q: Which of the following commands helps you to determine information about a given window within an X session, including information on the window size and its position?
xkbinfo
xdspy
xwininfo
xver
A: C. The xwininfo command displays information about a given window within an X session. The other commands listed for this question are not valid.

Q: Which option/button on the GNOME On-Screen Keyboard (GOK) is used show the keys that would be used in place of a mouse?
Mouse
MouseKeys
Movement
Compose
A: A. The Mouse button displays keys to move the mouse. The Compose button shows a compose keyboard, and the other options are not valid.

Q: Which of the following commands allows a host named cwa to connect to the X server?
xconnect cwa
xterm +cwa
xhost +cwa
xf cwa
A: C. The xhost command is used to control access to the X server. A host is added with the + sign.

Q: Which of the following options in the client SSH configuration file needs to be enabled so that X sessions can be sent over an SSH connection?
X11Connect yes
ForwardX11 yes
ForwardX yes
XForward yes
A: B. The ForwardX11 option must be enabled on the client in order for X connections or windows generated from the X server to be sent over an SSH connection.

Q: Which configuration option in a Files section of an xorg.conf configuration file can be used to add a path in which the server will search for fonts?
FontSection
Fonts
FontLoc
FontPath
A: D. The FontPath directive provides another location in which the server can find fonts. The other options do not exist within the context of an xorg.conf configuration file.

Q: Which assistive technology is used to provide an input method for users who cannot type but can use a pointer, such as a mouse?
Keyboard
Sticky keys
Mouse keys
On-screen keyboard
A: D. With an on-screen keyboard, users can utilize a pointer such as a mouse to select keys on the keyboard.

Q: Which environment variable can be used to specify the location of a user’s xauth authority file?
XAUTH
USERXAUTH
XAUTHORITY
xauthloc
A: C. The XAUTHORITY environment variable can be used to specify the location of the xauth authority file.

Q: When using LightDM, which key combination is used to revert back to a terminal?
Alt+Ctrl+F2
Alt+Ctrl+F1
Ctrl+F1
Ctrl+Esc
A: B. The Alt+Ctrl+F1 key combination is used to get to a terminal prompt and is helpful in situations where the X server won’t start properly.

Q: Which option in the LightDM configuration enables automatic login for a specific user?
auto-login
autologin-user
autologin
auto-login-user
A: B. The autologin-user option is used to define a user who will be automatically logged in to the system. The other options given in this question do not exist.

Q: Which of the following is a legacy utility that can be used to set accessibility options on older systems?
Xaccessibility
Xas
AccessX
setX
A: C. The AccessX utility is used on legacy or older systems to set many of the accessibility options. The functionality provided by AccessX can typically be found in one of the utilities provided by the native X window manager, dependent on the window manager in use.

Q: Which command, when executed on a remote host, will send the display of X programs to the local client? (Assume Bash is used as the shell.)
export DISPLAY
env DISPLAY
setx HOST
export XHOST
A: A. The export shell command sets an environment variable. In this case, the DISPLAY environment variable needs to be set. The env command shown will not set the variable.

Q: Which option in GOK is used to display the keys that correspond to a given application’s menu?
Menus
Activate
MenuKeys
Keys
A: A. The Menus option displays the menu options for a given application so that those options can be manipulated with the keyboard. The Activate option helps to work with the desktop and other applications. The other options shown for this question are not valid.

Q: Which directory is used to store individual configuration files related to LightDM?
/etc/light
/etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d
/usr/lightdm
/etc/lightdm.conf
A: B. The /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d directory contains individual *.conf configuration files for various settings and is typically parsed along with the /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf file.

Q: Which environment variable is used by Xsession to specify the width of a terminal device?
TERMCHAR
COLUMNS
CHARACTERWIDTH
TERMCOL
A: B. The COLUMNS environment variable specifies the width in characters of a terminal device. The other environment variables are not valid.

Q: Which option within the Device section for a video card will set the amount of RAM available on the card?
VRAM
RAM
VideoRam
vRam
A: C. The VideoRam option, which can be expressed in bytes, configures the amount of RAM available to the video card.

Q: When configuring a Screen section in an X configuration file, the Display subsection can contain the color depth. What is the name of the option to set the color depth of the given display?
ColorDepth
Depth
CDepth
colorDep
A: B. The Depth option sets the color depth for a given monitor display. A typical value might be 24 for this option.

Q: Multiple server layouts may be created within an X configuration file. Which option is used to differentiate between the different server layout options?
ID
Identifier
LayoutName
Layout
A: B. The Identifier option provides a unique description of each of the server layouts in an X configuration. The other options shown for this question do not exist.

Q: Which command can be used to create a fonts.scale file definition when executed against the current directory?
mkfontsscale
mk.fonts
mkfontfile
fontmk
A: A. The mkfontscale command will create a fonts.scale file, which describes the outline fonts on the system and is used for configuration of fonts that are manually added to the system.

Q: What abbreviation used in X signifies a display that utilizes additional capabilities such as extended power-saving capabilities?
DPMS
XPMS
DISPPWR
PWRD
A: A. Display Power Management Signaling (DPMS) enables additional power-saving modes, such as a full sleep mode, that enable further energy efficiency for the display.

Q: What is the name of the accessibility function that provides an alternative to the Orca program to assist users who have visual impairments?
Viz
emacspeak
Ahleah
vAssist
A: B. The emacspeak program provides another visual assistive technology as an alternative to Orca. The other technologies listed here are not related to visualization or assistive technologies.

Q: Which of the following is a reference implementation of the Wayland protocol?
Wlnd
Weston
Wausau
Wittenberg
A: B. Weston is a reference implementation of the Wayland protocol.

Q: Within an xorg configuration file, which option sets the inactivity timeout for the suspend mode of a DPMS-capable monitor?
InactTimeout
InactivityTime
SuspendTime
InTmout
A: C. The SuspendTime sets the time, in minutes, for the monitor to go into standby mode. The other options shown are not valid.

Q: When the X server is started as a normal user, configuration files from which directory are also included?
/etc/X
/etc/X11/UserConfig
/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d
/etc/X/UserConf.d/
A: C. The files in /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/ are included when X is starting.

Q: Which of the following remote desktop protocols uses no compression or transport/session encryption?
SSH
XDMCP
XR
RD
A: B. XDMCP, which is typically disabled by default, uses no compression or transport security. XDMCP is therefore not usually preferred for remote access. Of the other options, SSH offers encryption of the session, and XR and RD are not valid protocols.

Q: Within which desktop implementation would you find the xfwm4 window manager?
XWin
KDXF
Exf
Xfce
A: D. The Xfce desktop environment uses xfwm4 as its window manager. The other options are not desktop environments.

Q: Which option to Spice startup disables simple authentication?
disable-auth
disable-ticketing
disable-authentication
disable-simpleauth
A: B. The disable-ticketing option turns off simple authentication for clients with Spice.

Q: Which speech recognition software is included with the KDE desktop environment?
Alvin
Simon
Theodore
Zeppo
A: B. Simon is the speech recognition software that is part of the KDE project.

Q: Within the GNOME 3 desktop environment, within which Settings panel are the options for slow keys found?
Access
Typing Settings
Keyboard
Universal Access
A: D. The only valid panel listed in the options for this question is called Universal Access, making option D correct.

Q: When an X session is already running, which command can be used to enable pointer keys?
setxkbmap
ptrkeys
pointerkeys
keypad -ptrkeys
A: A. The setxkbmap command can be used to enable Xkboptions when X is already running. The other commands shown do not exist.

Q: Which of the following provides a server-side implementation of Remote Desktop (RDP) for Linux?
lrdp
xrdp
rdp-linux
lindp
A: B. The xrdp program is an open source implementation of an RDP server. The other programs shown are not valid.

Q: You are attempting to edit the sudoers file with visudo over an SSH connection on a system that has GNOME installed and you receive an error indicating that gedit cannot run. Which of the following commands can be used to solve this issue?
export VISUAL="/bin/vim"
export DISPLAY
subst DISPLAY=local
env VISUAL=ssh
A: A. Changing the VISUAL environment variable to an editor that can run over an SSH session will fix the issue. In this case, /bin/vim was used.

Q: Which option to x11vnc sets the password to be used for clients connecting to the server?
-password
-passwd
-pass
-auth
A: B. The -passwd option is used to set the password on the server for x11vnc.

Q: Which program is used to add entries to the X authority file?
xf
xauthen
authx
xauth
A: D. The xauth utility is used for working with the X authority file. The other options shown are not valid.

Q: Which assistive technology will ignore keys that are pressed in succession or held down?
Sticky keys
Mouse keys
Bounce keys
On-screen keyboard
A: C. Bounce keys cause the interface to not react when keys are accidentally pressed in succession or held down.

Q: Which environment variable is used by Xsession if the Xsession error file cannot be opened in its default location?
XLOG
TMPDIR
SESSLOG
LOGTMP
A: B. The TMPDIR environment variable is used if the normal home directory location, ~/.xsession-errors, cannot be opened. The other environment variables are not valid.

Q: From within an X session, which of the following commands shows information about the display, including resolution and color depth?
xinfo
xterm
xwin
xdpyinfo
A: D. The xdpyinfo command displays various elements about the current display(s) along with information about X itself.

Q: Which of the following files is the configuration file for Weston?
∼/.config/weston.cfg
∼/.config/weston.ini
∼/weston.cfg
∼/.westoncfg
A: B. The Weston configuration file is called weston.ini and is located in ~/.config. The other files are not valid.

Q: Which of the following remote desktop programs offers transport layer security?
x11vnc
xrd
tls
x11rtm
A: A. The x11vnc program, an implementation of VNC, offers built-in SSL/TLS capabilities. The other programs shown are not valid.

Q: Which add-on to Orca enables braille display support?
brl
brltty
brldis
dispbrl
A: B. The brltty program enables a text-mode braille display. The other programs are not valid.

Q: Which of the following is a screen magnifier program?
xmag
xzoom
xzmag
scrmag
A: B. The xzoom program is used for screen magnification. The other programs shown are not valid.

Q: Which GRUB variable can be used to beep when the GRUB prompt is ready to accept input?
GRUB_BEEP
BEEP_START
GRUB_START_TONE
GRUB_INIT_TUNE
A: D. The GRUB_INIT_TUNE variable can be used within the GRUB configuration in order to beep when GRUB is ready for input.

Q: You need to remove a host from being able to connect to the X server. Which of the following will remove a host named cwa from being able to connect?
xrem cwa
xhost -cwa
xhost -rem:cwa
xrem -host cwa
A: B. The xhost command will be used for this purpose, and the minus sign removes a host from being able to connect.

Q: The X Display Manager, xdm, runs various scripts as part of the login process. Which of the following scripts is executed as the user logging in?
Xstart
Xsession
Xstartup
Xuser.conf
A: B. The Xsession script is executed as the user logging in, making option B correct. The Xstartup script is executed as root prior to the execution of Xsession. The other files are not valid as part of the xdm login process.

Q: Which option to the X server disables listening for TCP connections?
-nolisten tcp
-notcp
-noconn tcp
-noconnect tcp
A: A. The -nolisten tcp option disables listening for TCP connections for an X server. The other options are not valid.

Q: Which signal is used to close existing connections, free resources, and restore defaults for an X server?
SIGKILL
SIGHUP
SIGN4
SIGALL
A: B. SIGHUP is used for the purpose described, typically when a user logs out. SIGKILL does not restart the server or prepare for a new connection. The other signal names given as options are not valid signals.

Q: Which option in the SeatDefaults section of the lightdm.conf configuration file is used to disable the display of usernames for login?
greeter-disable-user
greeter-enable-login
greeter-show-manual-login
greeter-disable-auto-login
A: C. The greeter-show-manual-login option, when set to true, will require the user to enter a username for login rather than select the username from a list.

Q: Which option to the xauth program disables hostname resolution?
-r
-n
-h
-m
A: B. The -n option disables hostname lookups. The other options shown are not valid.

Q: Which command will switch the system into an init in which the X server is not typically executed?
telinit 6
telinit 1
telinit 3
telinit 5
A: C. In runlevel 3, accessed through the telinit command, the X server is not typically executed. Runlevel 6 will shut down the system. Runlevel 1 switches to single-user mode, and runlevel 5 is a multi-user mode in which X is usually running.

Q: What is the default location for the error log if the X server is run with xdm?
/etc/X11.log
/var/log/Xdm.log
/usr/lib/X11/xdm/xdm-errors
/var/log/xdmerrors
A: C. According to the X server documentation at https://www.x.org/releases/X11R7.7/doc/man/man1/Xserver.1.xhtml, the default location is within the /usr/lib path, but it’s worth noting that Linux distributions may change this location to be within the /var/log/ hierarchy.

Q: Which script can be used for per-user initialization of xinit?
∼/.xinit.conf
∼/.xinitrc
∼/.xinit.rc
∼/.xinit.cfg
A: B. The ~/.xinitrc file can be used for per-user initialization. The other files are not used by default for this purpose.

Q: Which option prevents abstract sockets from listening with X11?
-nolisten sock
-nolisten absock
-nolisten local
-nolisten socklocal
A: C. The -nolisten local option can be added to prevent the X server from listening on abstract sockets.

Q: Which option to XDMCP enables sending of BroadcastQuery packets?
-bcast
-bcastQ
-broadcastQuery
-broadcast
A: D. The -broadcast option for XDMCP enables sending of BroadcastQuery packets. The other options shown are not valid options with XDMCP.

Q: When using GDM as the display manager, which GUI program can be used to set options for the login window?
gdmlogin
gdmconfig
gdmsetup
gdm
A: C. The gdmsetup program is used to configure various options for the login window and environment, including those for local and remote users. The other options are not used for this purpose or do not exist.

Q: Within the XDMCP access configuration file, there is a line like the following:
*.example.com
Which of the following describes how access will be treated for hosts from example.com?
Only the host named *.example.com can connect.
No hosts from example.com can connect.
Any host within example.com can connect.
Hosts that begin with * within example.com can connect.
A: C. Any host within the example.com domain can connect.

Q: When using xhost, what is the syntax to enable a host named san to connect using IPv6?
xhost +ipv6:san
xhost -enablev6 san
xhost +inet6:san
xhost +enablev6 san
A: C. The family inet6 enables the specified host to connect with IPv6. The other methods shown will not work.

Q: Within which file are errors for Xsession and X client processes placed?
∼/.xsession-error.log
∼/.xsession-errors
∼/.xclient.log
∼/.xclient.errorlog
A: B. The ~/.xsession-errors file is the default log file for Xsession and X clients. The other files are not valid for this purpose.

Q: GNOME includes native on-screen keyboard functionality. Which of the following commands starts the on-screen keyboard?
gok
osk
kb
oskb
A: A. The gok command, short for GNOME On-screen Keyboard, is the program to start the on-screen keyboard. The Caribou program will be the successor to GOK.

Q: Which option to the xauth program specifies the authority file to use?
-a
-f
-a
-v
A: B. The -f option enables file specification for the X authority file. The -v option enables verbose output. The other options are not valid.

Q: Which accessibility option is helpful if several keys are sometimes pressed or if there is difficulty in consistently pressing the correct key on the keyboard?
Key toggle
Slow keys
KeyAssist
UniversalKeys
A: B. Slow keys is the name used to describe this assistive technology.

Q: On which port does RDP listen by default?
389
8080
3389
3306
A: C. RDP listens on port 3389 by default. Port 389 is LDAP, and 3306 is usually MySQL.